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Open Library

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Open Library</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">

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<div class="infobox-caption">Open Library homepage in September 2011</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Digital library index</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Organizational_founder" title="Organizational founder">Founder(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a>, <a href="Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a>, Alexis Rossi, Anand Chitipothu, and Rebecca Hargrave Malamud</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Donation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/">openlibrary.org</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commercial</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">Free</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">2006 (2006)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Content license</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li>Data: public domain<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li>

<li>Source code: <a href="GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">AGPLv3</a><a href="#cite_note-gitlic-2">[2]</a></li></ul>

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Open Library is an online project intended to create "one <a href="Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> for every book ever published". Created by <a href="Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC2007-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2009-4">[4]</a> <a href="Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Alexis Rossi,<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> Anand Chitipothu,<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> and Rebecca Hargrave Malamud,<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> Open Library is a project of the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, a <a href="Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a>. It has been funded in part by grants from the <a href="California_State_Library" title="California State Library">California State Library</a> and the Kahle/Austin Foundation. Open Library provides <a href="Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a> digital copies in multiple formats, created from images of many <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, out-of-print, and in-print books.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_database_and_digital_lending_library">Book database and digital lending library</h2></div>

Its book information is collected from the <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, other libraries, and <a href="Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, as well as from user contributions through a <a href="Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>-like interface.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2009-4">[4]</a> If books are available in digital form, a button labeled "Read" appears next to its catalog listing. Digital copies of the contents of each scanned book are distributed as encrypted e-books (created from images of scanned pages), audiobooks and streaming audio (created from the page images using OCR and text-to-speech software), unencrypted images of full pages from OpenLibrary.org and Archive.org, and APIs for automated downloading of page images.<a href="#cite_note-National_Writers_Union-7">[7]</a> Links to where books can be purchased or borrowed are also provided.

There are different entities in the database:

<ul><li>authors</li>

<li>works (which are the aggregate of all books with the same title and text)</li>

<li>editions (which are different publications of the corresponding works)</li></ul>

Open Library claims to have over 20 million records in its database.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Copies of the contents of tens of thousands of modern books have been made available from 150 libraries and publishers for <a href="Ebook" title="Ebook">ebook</a> <a href="Controlled_digital_lending" title="Controlled digital lending">controlled digital lending</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Other books including in-print and in-copyright books have been scanned from copies in library collections, library discards, and donations, and are also available for lending in digital form.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In total, the Open Library offers copies of over 1.4 million books for what it calls "digital lending", but critics have called distribution of digital copies a violation of copyright law.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2020-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Open Library began in 2006 with <a href="Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a> as the original engineer and leader of the Open Library's technical team.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2007-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2009-4">[4]</a> The project was led by <a href="George_Oates" title="George Oates">George Oates</a> from April 2009 to December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Oates was responsible for a complete site redesign during her tenure.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 2015, the project was continued by Giovanni Damiola<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> and then Brenton Cheng<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> and Mek Karpeles<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> in 2016.

The site was redesigned and relaunched in May 2010. Its codebase is on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The site uses Infobase, its own database framework based on <a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a>, and Infogami, its own <a href="Wiki_software" title="Wiki software">Wiki engine</a> written in <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The source code to the site is published under the <a href="GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU Affero General Public License</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-gitlic-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_sponsorship_program">Book sponsorship program</h2></div>

In the week of October 21, 2019, the Open Library website introduced a Book Sponsorship program,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> which according to <a href="Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a>, "lets you direct a cash donation to pay for the purchase and scanning of any books. In return, you are first in line to check that book out when it is available, and then anyone who holds an Open Library library card can check it out.".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The feature was developed by Mek Karpeles, Tabish Shaikh,<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> and other members of the community.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_for_the_blind_and_dyslexic">Books for the blind and dyslexic</h2></div>

The website was relaunched adding <a href="ADA_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="ADA compliance">ADA compliance</a> and offering over one million modern and older books to the <a href="Print_disability" title="Print disability">print disabled</a> in May 2010<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> using the <a href="DAISY_Digital_Talking_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="DAISY Digital Talking Book">DAISY Digital Talking Book</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Under certain provisions of United States copyright law, libraries are sometimes able to reproduce copyrighted works in formats accessible to users with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_violation_accusations">Copyright violation accusations</h2></div>

The Open Library has justified its ability to offer full contents of books in digital formats as part of the <a href="First-sale_doctrine" title="First-sale doctrine">first-sale doctrine</a> and <a href="Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> law.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-vox_open_library-25">[25]</a> The Open Library owns a physical copy of each book that they have made available, and thus argue that the lending out of one digital scan of the book in a controlled manner falls within the first-sale doctrine, a practice known as <a href="Controlled_Digital_Lending" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled Digital Lending">controlled digital lending</a> and in use by multiple public and academic libraries.<a href="#cite_note-vox_open_library-25">[25]</a>

Since its launch, the Open Library has been accused of mass copyright violation by numerous groups,<a href="#cite_note-vox_open_library-25">[25]</a> including the American <a href="Authors_Guild" title="Authors Guild">Authors Guild</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jotformeu-usa-26">[26]</a> the British <a href="Society_of_Authors" title="Society of Authors">Society of Authors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jotformeu-uk-27">[27]</a> the <a href="Australian_Society_of_Authors" title="Australian Society of Authors">Australian Society of Authors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> the <a href="Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> the US <a href="National_Writers_Union" title="National Writers Union">National Writers Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and a coalition of 37 national and international organizations of "writers, translators, photographers, and graphic artists; unions, organizations, and federations representing the creators of works included in published books; book publishers; and reproduction rights and public lending rights organizations".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The UK <a href="Society_of_Authors" title="Society of Authors">Society of Authors</a> threatened legal action in 2019 unless the Open Library agreed to cease distribution of copyrighted works.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hachette_v._Internet_Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a></div>

The Open Library further came under criticism from several authors and publishers groups when it created the <a href="Internet_Archive#National_Emergency_Library" title="Internet Archive">National Emergency Library</a> in response to the <a href="COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in March 2020. Under these circumstances, the National Emergency Library removed the waitlists of all books in its Open Library collection and allowed any number of digital copies of a book to be downloaded as an encrypted file that would be unusable after two weeks, asserting that this unlimited borrowing was a reasonable exception under the national emergency to allow educational functions to continue since physical libraries and bookstores were forced to be shuttered.<a href="#cite_note-vox_open_library-25">[25]</a> The Authors Guild, the Association of American Publishers, the National Writers Union, and others argued that this allowed unlimited copyright infringement and denied revenues from distribution of authorized digital copies of books to authors who also needed relief during the COVID-19 national emergency.<a href="#cite_note-vox_open_library-25">[25]</a> Though the Open Library asserted that the copies of entire books in e-book format were still encrypted and the unlimited borrowing was for educational purposes, the National Writers Union asserted that images of each page of each book could still be accessed on the Web without encryption or other controls.<a href="#cite_note-National_Writers_Union-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

Four major publishers—<a href="Hachette_Book_Group" title="Hachette Book Group">Hachette</a>, <a href="Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>, <a href="Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons</a>, and <a href="HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, all members of the <a href="Association_of_American_Publishers" title="Association of American Publishers">Association of American Publishers</a>—filed a lawsuit in the <a href="United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">Southern New York Federal District Court</a> against the Internet Archive in June 2020, asserting the Open Library project violated numerous copyrights.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In their suit, the publishers claimed "Without any license or any payment to authors or publishers, [the Internet Archive] scans print books, uploads these illegally scanned books to its servers, and distributes verbatim digital copies of the books in whole via public-facing websites. With just a few clicks, any Internet-connected user can download complete digital copies of in-copyright books from [the] defendant."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The publishers were represented by the law firms <a href="Davis_Wright_Tremaine" title="Davis Wright Tremaine">Davis Wright Tremaine</a> and <a href="Oppenheim_%2B_Zebrak" title="Oppenheim + Zebrak">Oppenheim + Zebrak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The Internet Archive ended the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, instead of the intended June 30 date, and requested the publishers to "call off their costly assault".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In July 2022, both parties filed requests for <a href="Summary_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary judgement">summary judgement</a>. A first hearing was held on March 20, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> A summary judgement was issued March 24, 2023, in favor of the plaintiffs. In its ruling the <a href="United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">United States District Court for the Southern District of New York</a> determined that the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> committed <a href="Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> by scanning and distributing copies of books online. Stemming from the creation of the <a href="National_Emergency_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emergency Library">National Emergency Library</a> (NEL) during the onset of the <a href="COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, publishing company <a href="Hachette_Book_Group" title="Hachette Book Group">Hachette Book Group</a> alleged that the Open Library and the National Emergency Library facilitated copyright infringement.

On March 25, 2023, the court ruled against Internet Archive, who appealed the decision.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> This appeal was later denied by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li>

<li><a href="LibraryThing" title="LibraryThing">LibraryThing</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_software_under_the_GNU_AGPL" title="List of software under the GNU AGPL">List of software under the GNU AGPL</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_digital_library_projects" title="List of digital library projects">List of digital library projects</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_public_access_catalog" title="Online public access catalog">Online public access catalog</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBookfinchChitipothuOatesWest2013" class="citation web cs1">Bookfinch; Chitipothu, Anand; Oates, George; West, Jessamyn (2013-10-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/help/faq/using?v=8#ownership">"Using Open Library Data § Who owns the Open Library catalog?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411005734/https://openlibrary.org/help/faq/using?v=8#ownership">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2021-04-06.</cite>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the properties:

<ul><li> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P648" class="extiw external" title="d:Property talk:P648">Open Library ID (P648)</a> (see <a class="external text external" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP648%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P648%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a>)</li><li> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P3847" class="extiw external" title="d:Property talk:P3847">Open Library subject ID (P3847)</a> (see <a class="external text external" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP3847%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P3847%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a>)</li></ul></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/">Official website</a></li>

<li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Open+Library&author=Kahle&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">The Open Library</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (Text of the speech given by Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive, at the launch of the Open Library in October 2005)</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_Archive126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Internet_Archive126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Universal access to all knowledge</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a href="PetaBox" title="PetaBox">PetaBox</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Archive#NASA_Images" title="Internet Archive">NASA Images</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Content_Alliance" title="Open Content Alliance">Open Content Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Archive#Archive-It" title="Internet Archive">Archive-It</a></li>

<li><a href="SFlan" class="mw-redirect" title="SFlan">SFlan</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Archive_Scholar" title="Internet Archive Scholar">Internet Archive Scholar</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners and Collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Libraries_(collection)" title="American Libraries (collection)">American Libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Libraries_(collection)" title="Canadian Libraries (collection)">Canadian Libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_P._Sloan_Foundation" title="Alfred P. Sloan Foundation">Sloan Foundation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Internet_Archive's_images_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Archive's images collection">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Internet_Archive#NASA_Images" title="Internet Archive">NASA Images</a></li>

<li><a href="Libre_Map_Project" title="Libre Map Project">Libre Map Project</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Internet_Archive#Text_collection" title="Internet Archive">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Libraries_(collection)" title="American Libraries (collection)">American Libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Libraries_(collection)" title="Canadian Libraries (collection)">Canadian Libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Archive's_Children's_Library" title="Internet Archive's Children's Library">Children's Library</a></li>

<li><a href="RECAP_US_Federal_Court_Documents_(collection)" class="mw-redirect" title="RECAP US Federal Court Documents (collection)">RECAP US Federal Court Documents</a></li>

<li><a href="Microfilm_(collection)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm (collection)">Microfilm</a></li>

<li><a href="US_Government_Documents" title="US Government Documents">US Government Documents</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Schwartzman#Collected_texts_of_Simon_Schwartzman" title="Simon Schwartzman">Collected texts of Simon Schwartzman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Internet_Archive#Audio_collection" title="Internet Archive">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Live_Music_Archive" title="Live Music Archive">Live Music Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Internet_Archive#Moving_image_collection" title="Internet Archive">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Internet_Archive#NASA_Images" title="Internet Archive">NASA Images</a></li>

<li><a href="Public.Resource.Org#FedFlix" title="Public.Resource.Org">FedFlix</a></li>

<li><a href="Democracy_Now!#Democracy_Now!_collection_at_the_Internet_Archive" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></li>

<li><a href="Marion_Stokes" title="Marion Stokes">Marion Stokes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Internet_Archive#Software" title="Internet Archive">Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Archive#Open_Educational_Resources" title="Internet Archive">Open Educational Resources</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a></li>

<li><a href="Rick_Prelinger" title="Rick Prelinger">Rick Prelinger</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Rumsey" title="David Rumsey">David Rumsey</a></li>

<li><a href="Jason_Scott" title="Jason Scott">Jason Scott</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Heritrix" title="Heritrix">Heritrix</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Panorama_Ephemera" title="Panorama Ephemera">Panorama Ephemera</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="Recorder%3A_The_Marion_Stokes_Project" title="Recorder: The Marion Stokes Project">Recorder: The Marion Stokes Project</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a> (2023)</li>

<li><a href="Universal_Music_Group_v._Internet_Archive" title="Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive">Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive</a> (2024)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books361" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Books361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Book" title="Book">Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_cover" title="Book cover">Covers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust jackets</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">edition</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_printing" title="History of printing">history</a></li>

<li><a href="Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant_book" title="Instant book">instant book</a></li>

<li><a href="Limited-edition_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited-edition book">limited edition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Advance_copy" title="Advance copy">advance copy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a></li>

<li><a href="Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume (bibliography)</a></li>

<li><a href="Collection_(publishing)" title="Collection (publishing)">Collection (publishing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Literary_award" title="Literary award">Awards</a></li>

<li><a href="Bestseller" title="Bestseller">Bestsellers</a>

<li><a href="Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">Bibliomania</a> (<a href="Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku">tsundoku</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Bookworm" title="Bookworm">Bibliophilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliotherapy" title="Bibliotherapy">Bibliotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bookmark" title="Bookmark">Bookmarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_bookselling" title="History of bookselling">history</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion club">Clubs</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Collecting</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Digitizing</a></li>

<li><a href="Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">Bookworm (insect)</a></li>

<li>Furniture

<ul><li><a href="Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcases</a></li>

<li><a href="Bookend" title="Bookend">bookends</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Library" title="Library">Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a>

<ul><li><a href="Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Book_review" title="Book review">Reviews</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Books_in_Brazil" title="Books in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_Chinese_bookbinding" title="Traditional Chinese bookbinding">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_France" title="Books in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_Germany" title="Books in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_the_Netherlands" title="Books in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_publishing_in_Pakistan" title="Book publishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_Spain" title="Books in Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Books in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Genres

<ul><li><a href="Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Novel" title="Novel">novel</a></li>

<li><a href="Imaginary_book" title="Imaginary book">imaginary</a></li>

<li><a href="Miniature_book" title="Miniature book">miniature</a></li>

<li><a href="Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li>

<li>Formats

<ul><li><a href="Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Folio" title="Folio">Folio</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Coffee_table_book" title="Coffee table book">Coffee table book</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_banned_books" title="Lists of banned books">Banned books</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">incidents</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curses</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_packaging" title="Book packaging">Book packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_books%2C_manuscripts%2C_documents_and_ephemera" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation and restoration</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex" title="Codex">codex</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Philobiblon" title="The Philobiblon">The Philobiblon</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Book_Day" title="World Book Day">World Book Day</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li>

<li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ABooks" title="Portal:Books">Portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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